{"id":3720,"date":"2024-11-29T15:58:37","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:58:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=3720"},"modified":"2024-11-29T15:58:39","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:58:39","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=3720","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1962-2020)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1962 \u0627\u0644\u0649 2020\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Granger causality test) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 &nbsp; Engle- Granger (1987) \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 Toda Yamamoto (1995).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 Yamamoto Toda \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 5% \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Acetract&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The aim of this study was to estimate the causal relationship between public revenues and public expenditures in the Libyan economy from 1962 to 2020, using the Granger causality test to assess the relationship between the variables in the short term. For estimating the relationship in the long term, the Engle-Granger (1987) method was employed to determine the direction of the relationship between the variables in the long term according to the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) methodology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The study findings indicate a unidirectional relationship from public revenues to public expenditures in the short term during the research period. The Toda causality test results revealed a long-term causal relationship at a 5% significance level, indicating that any change in public revenues leads to a change in public expenditures. This result supports the short-term causality findings, suggesting that public revenues influence public expenditures. Conversely, the estimation results show a lack of significance, indicating no long-term causal relationship from public expenditures to public revenues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords: Causality, Public Revenues, Public Expenditures, Libyan Economy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><br><strong>\u0623.\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><br><strong>\u00a0Salam Mohammed Abugrain<\/strong><br><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0623. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0628<\/strong><br><strong>Salem Basher Dahap<\/strong><br><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AYB0giG0je7UZBVcoi5EvQEFJqZkZtjf\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 <\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"3720\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1962 \u0627\u0644\u0649 2020\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Granger causality test) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.&nbsp; &nbsp;\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 &nbsp; Engle- Granger (1987) \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-129"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3720","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3720"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3721,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3720\/revisions\/3721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}