{"id":4053,"date":"2025-04-05T08:02:57","date_gmt":"2025-04-05T08:02:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4053"},"modified":"2025-04-14T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T09:36:51","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4053","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1839-1924\u0645)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (1839-1876)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">This study addresses the topic of citizenship in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire witnessed major transformations in the concept of citizenship in the nineteenth century, particularly during the Tanzimat period (1839-1876). The Tanzimat period extended its influence until the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1924. These reforms were a series of legal and administrative reforms aimed at modernizing the state and promoting equality among all its citizens, regardless of religion or ethnicity. The Ottoman Empire treated its citizens fairly, with citizens having rights and duties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">Therefore, it enacted laws pertaining to citizenship, such as the G\u00fclhane Law and the Hatt-i Humayun, and worked to implement them in Ottoman society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The study aims to highlight the role of the Ottoman Empire in keeping pace with modern states and integrating society into a single political entity loyal to the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">One of the consequences of these laws was that they opened the door to foreign interference in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire, often under the pretext of protecting minorities in the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords: Citizenship, Ottoman Empire<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mohamad Hasan Sul\u0131man<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648- \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627- \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<br><strong>TAR\u0130H ANAB\u0130L\u0130M DAL\u0130<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1-xTg7RuZk0uB2YI7EBsQfQLEclPvD42I\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4053\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (1839-1876)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u060c &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[137],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4053"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4162,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053\/revisions\/4162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}