{"id":4079,"date":"2025-04-05T16:26:08","date_gmt":"2025-04-05T16:26:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4079"},"modified":"2025-04-14T09:33:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T09:33:21","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b3-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4079","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ((1293-1327\u0647\u0640\/1876-1909\u0645))"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064f\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">This study examines the conditions of Jerusalem during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), a period marked by significant political, social, scientific, and cultural challenges, particularly amid increasing colonial and Zionist ambitions toward Palestine and Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The research focuses on the policies of Sultan Abdul Hamid II regarding Jerusalem from a scientific and cultural perspective, as well as the city\u2019s significance within the Ottoman vision. It also explores the efforts undertaken by the Ottoman state to strengthen Jerusalem\u2019s status and protect it from foreign interventions. Additionally, the study highlights the educational institutions, the Arabization movement in the city, and the role of the local population in preserving Jerusalem\u2019s Islamic and Arab identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The main objective of this thesis is to shed light on Sultan Abdul Hamid II\u2019s role in safeguarding the city against colonial projects and to analyze the policies he implemented to achieve this goal. Furthermore, it documents the challenges faced by Jerusalem during this period and their impact on its future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The study relies on a diverse range of Ottoman and foreign sources, as well as historical references. It employs a descriptive and analytical methodology to understand the historical and political context of Jerusalem in this era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> <strong>Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Foreign Penetration.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ali Hussein Jasim Jasim<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648- \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627- \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<br><strong>TAR\u0130H ANAB\u0130L\u0130M DAL\u0130<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1oLuVd4H0lxqCIXOTBmA4x6bh2CwTT-cy\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4079\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[137],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4079"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4161,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079\/revisions\/4161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}