{"id":4141,"date":"2025-04-06T08:01:18","date_gmt":"2025-04-06T08:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4141"},"modified":"2025-04-06T08:01:19","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T08:01:19","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b3-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4141","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ((1293-1327\u0647\u0640\/1876-1909\u0645))"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 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\u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study examines the conditions of Jerusalem during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, a period characterized by significant political, social, and economic challenges, particularly amid the increasing colonial and Zionist ambitions toward Palestine and Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The research focuses on the policies of Sultan Abdul Hamid II regarding Jerusalem and the city\u2019s significance within the Ottoman vision. It also explores the efforts undertaken by the Ottoman state to enhance Jerusalem\u2019s status and protect it from foreign interventions. Additionally, the study sheds light on the political conditions in the city and the role of the local population in preserving its Islamic and Arab identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective of this thesis is to highlight Sultan Abdul Hamid II\u2019s role in safeguarding the city from colonial projects and to analyze the policies he implemented to achieve this goal. Furthermore, it documents the challenges faced by Jerusalem and their impact on its future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study relies on a range of Ottoman and foreign sources, along with historical references. It employs a descriptive and analytical methodology to understand the historical and political context of Jerusalem during this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords: Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Foreign Penetration.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0641\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Fahad Alsalama Alali<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646KUD\u00dcS VE F\u0130L\u0130ST\u0130N \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI ANAB\u0130L\u0130M DALI<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1DcHOyaoHSAiAHVmnPEN7RSxBg8Jz-Gbd\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4141\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4141"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4142,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141\/revisions\/4142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4141"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4141"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}