{"id":4315,"date":"2025-06-29T22:04:20","date_gmt":"2025-06-29T22:04:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4315"},"modified":"2025-07-05T08:38:55","modified_gmt":"2025-07-05T08:38:55","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4315","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648 1973-1995\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b 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\u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 -\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a -\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 -\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648 -\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f -\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 -\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a -\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><br>The study addresses the issue of the border dispute in the Aouzou Strip and its material and moral consequences for both conflicting states, while highlighting the active parties involved. The research focuses on Libya&#8217;s strategies and plans to exert dominance and control over a part of Chadian territory. The primary objective of the research is to explore the political and administrative conditions in Chad after independence, which led to both internal and external armed conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The study employs the <strong>historical method<\/strong> to trace events in pursuit of historical truth. It examines the historical relationship between the two countries, marked by migrations, interactions, and trade between North Africa and the Chad Basin through the Sahara Desert during the era of kingdoms and sultanates that preceded the formation of the Chadian state. These included Kanem, Bagirmi, and Wadai. The inhabitants of these regions were historically linked to southern Libya, resulting in the settlement of some Chadian tribes, such as the Tebu and certain Arab tribes, in southern Libya, where they became citizens. Similarly, some Libyan tribes, including the Awlad Suleiman and Warfalla, migrated to northern Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">During this period, relations between the two countries were characterized by good neighborliness, especially during the reign of King Idris Al-Senussi. However, relations began to deteriorate after President Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris in a military coup in 1969, driven by Gaddafi&#8217;s expansionist ambitions in Africa, particularly Chad. The study examines the escalation of tensions during the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Tombalbaye in Chad and Libya&#8217;s occupation of the Aouzou Strip, which is rich in mineral resources, particularly uranium\u2014a key component in Gaddafi&#8217;s nuclear ambitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The role of former Chadian President Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 in liberating Chadian territories is also highlighted. The research discusses efforts by the Organization of African Unity to resolve the conflict peacefully, though it ultimately failed. However, these efforts paved the way for the case to be brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which successfully resolved the Aouzou issue peacefully in favor of Chad. Under United Nations supervision, Libyan forces withdrew from the strip in 1995, officially making the Aouzou Strip an integral part of Chadian territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords: Conflict -Second Army -Security -Aouzou -Border -Strip -National Army -Relations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0622\u062f\u0645<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Adam Dabouk Adam<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Ishaq<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td><td>\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 &#8211; \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1IKZES143RSKnFs4I5hUrPzLXsBY5a_mt\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4315\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635: &nbsp;&nbsp;\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648 1973-1995\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a (\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4315"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4384,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4315\/revisions\/4384"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}