{"id":4323,"date":"2025-06-30T11:58:21","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T11:58:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4323"},"modified":"2025-06-30T11:58:22","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T11:58:22","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%82%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4323","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">This research addresses the legal issue concerning the extent to which war affects the continuity of commercial and investment lease contracts in Sudan, in the absence of explicit legal provisions governing such situations. This gap raises challenges in judicial application and threatens the stability of economic transactions. The study aims to examine how Sudanese legal texts\u2014compared to certain Arab legislations\u2014deal with exceptional circumstances such as war, and to explore the adequacy of general theories like force majeure and unforeseen circumstances in addressing the impact of war on contractual obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The significance of this research lies in its timing, as it comes amid an internal conflict that has profoundly affected commercial and investment activity in the country, posing legal, social, and economic challenges. Based on this context, the research is grounded in two main hypotheses: first, that the general rules in Sudanese civil law are insufficient on their own to address the consequences of war on commercial lease contracts; and second, that the reliance of the Sudanese legislature on judicial discretion, without precise legislative grounding, leads to inconsistency in rulings and undermines legal certainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology, incorporating descriptive and inductive approaches to analyze relevant legal texts and review judicial practices and comparative experiences. One of the key findings is that war constitutes an exceptional circumstance that fundamentally disrupts contractual balance, and that Sudanese legislation does not provide a specific or sufficient legal framework to address this. Judicial approaches often lack consistency and clear methodology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\">The study recommends enacting specific legislation to regulate the effects of armed conflicts on commercial contracts, establishing specialized judicial committees to handle disputes arising from exceptional circumstances, and promoting alternative dispute resolution methods such as arbitration and mediation to enhance transactional stability during emergencies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> <strong>Commercial Lease Contracts Investment Lease Contracts&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Effects of War on Contracts Sudanese Civil Code.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u062f.\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dr. Younis Ahmed Adam Al-Gaddal<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1yFM_bsnDANKxjZlUpJYGd3e3B3uv5QA4\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4323\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:&nbsp; \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4323"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4324,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323\/revisions\/4324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}