{"id":4533,"date":"2025-08-31T08:44:20","date_gmt":"2025-08-31T08:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4533"},"modified":"2025-08-31T08:44:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T08:44:21","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4533","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study addresses the issue of civil liability for damages caused by defective products under Sudanese law, in light of the rapid expansion of industrial and commercial activity and the increasing circulation of consumer goods, which has given rise to legal challenges concerning the adequacy of consumer protection against potential harm from defective products. The problem lies in the legislative shortfall, due to the absence of specific and detailed legal provisions governing this type of liability, leading to inconsistencies in practical application and a lack of judicial clarity. The significance of the study stems from its direct connection to consumer rights and safety, the scarcity of comprehensive Sudanese legal research on the subject, and the pressing need to modernize the legal framework in line with contemporary legislative developments. The study aims to clarify the legal basis for liability related to defective products, analyze its essential elements, assess the current state of judicial protection for consumers, and propose appropriate legal reforms. The study is based on the hypothesis that general civil law provisions are insufficient on their own to ensure effective protection and that there is a need for a specialized law to address product liability independently. Methodologically, the study adopts multiple approaches, including the analytical method for interpreting Sudanese legal texts, the comparative method to evaluate other legislative models, the descriptive method for assessing the judicial reality, and the deductive method to derive conclusions and recommendations that contribute to enhancing Sudan\u2019s legal framework in a balanced manner that ensures consumer protection while maintaining transactional stability. The study reached several key findings, most notably: the inadequacy of Sudanese legislation in regulating civil liability for defective products, the difficulty consumers face in proving fault and causation due to technical complexity, and the weakness of judicial and institutional mechanisms in addressing such cases. Key recommendations include: the enactment of a dedicated and comprehensive product liability law, amendments to evidentiary rules to ease the burden on consumers, and the establishment of specialized judicial circuits for consumer protection cases to ensure effective legal redress for those affected.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords: Civil Liability, Defective Products, Sudanese Law.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ouafae zarouq<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1ZlvmQVMe4HysTd15KtbqcF-bTC1GmMUT\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4533\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4533"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4533\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4534,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4533\/revisions\/4534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4533"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4533"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}