{"id":4722,"date":"2025-11-29T20:31:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-29T20:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4722"},"modified":"2025-11-29T20:31:28","modified_gmt":"2025-11-29T20:31:28","slug":"%d8%ad%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4722","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b 117.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 42.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (UNHCR)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 1951 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 1967\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 1948. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 (\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 UNHCR \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1951\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 1967\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This research aims to study the <strong>right of asylum<\/strong> under general international law, emphasizing its role as a protective mechanism for individuals facing persecution on grounds of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or due to armed conflicts and natural disasters. Amid the global surge in refugee numbers\u2014reaching <strong>117.3 million forcibly displaced persons<\/strong> by the end of June 2025, including <strong>42.5 million refugees<\/strong>\u2014the study highlights the inadequacy of international efforts to provide sufficient protection, coupled with states\u2019 growing reluctance to accept refugees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The research problem lies in evaluating the effectiveness of international organizations\u2014particularly the <strong>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)<\/strong>\u2014in safeguarding refugees, tracing the evolution of international legal protection, and examining cooperation between these organizations and governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study adopts a <strong>descriptive-analytical approach<\/strong>, drawing on key treaties such as the <strong>1951 Geneva Convention<\/strong>, its <strong>1967 Protocol<\/strong>, and the <strong>1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/strong>. It is structured into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chapter One<\/strong>: Defines the essence of the right of asylum, the refugee concept, its causes (fear and persecution), types (humanitarian, environmental, political), and distinctions from related terms such as migrant and internally displaced person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chapter Two<\/strong>: Examines international protection frameworks, governing conventions, refugee rights (non-refoulement, temporary shelter), and corresponding obligations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chapter Three<\/strong>: Focuses on the roles of organizations like <strong>UNHCR<\/strong> (objectives, challenges including funding shortfalls and border closures, policies, and durable solutions such as voluntary repatriation) and <strong>Amnesty International<\/strong> (advocacy and rights-pressure campaigns).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key findings include: the right of asylum is an <strong>objective right<\/strong> requiring specific elements; <strong>UNHCR<\/strong> plays a pivotal role yet faces obstacles that limit full effectiveness. Recommendations call for establishing new agencies for displaced persons, granting UNHCR broader mandates, expanding assistance programs, and addressing internal displacement before it escalates into<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">refugee crises. The study contributes to raising awareness of international organizations\u2019 roles in confronting the global refugee crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: <strong>Right of asylum, Refugees, International protection, 1951 Convention, 1967 Protocol, UNHCR, Amnesty International, Non-refoulement, Durable solutions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Omar Abdelkader Zkiah<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1FCj6-exX1QEcDejT31jtPRjn5v17bOeC\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4722\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:&nbsp; \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b 117.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2025\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 42.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[153],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-153"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4722"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4722\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4723,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4722\/revisions\/4723"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}