{"id":4771,"date":"2025-12-30T16:05:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T16:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4771"},"modified":"2025-12-30T16:05:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T16:05:49","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4771","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study examines doctrinal disagreement (<em>al-khil<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>f al-<\/em><em>\u02bf<\/em><em>aqd<\/em><em>\u012b<\/em>) among Islamic sects within its historical and intellectual contexts, analyzing the political, social, and cultural factors that contributed to its emergence and development, as well as its impact on Islamic thought and the unity of the Muslim ummah. The research addresses a central question: How did doctrinal diversity\u2014originally a space for scholarly reasoning and intellectual enrichment\u2014transform into one of the main causes of division and conflict within the Muslim community?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adopting a critical comparative methodology, the study combines conceptual analysis with a historical tracing of the formation of theological schools, alongside an examination of their positions on issues such as taw\u1e25\u012bd, divine attributes, human actions, and the diverse theological interpretations that emerged from them. The findings indicate that while taw\u1e25\u012bd serves as a unifying principle, it also became a focal point of divergence due to differing epistemic approaches and conceptions of divine transcendence, further intensified by political and social influences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study shows that the escalation of doctrinal disputes\u2014shifting from constructive dialogue to confrontational or exclusionary modes\u2014undermined the epistemic role of Islamic theology (<em>\u02bf<\/em><em>ilm al-<\/em><em>\u02bf<\/em><em>aq<\/em><em>\u012b<\/em><em>dah<\/em>) and reduced the shared theological foundations among various sects. The research proposes practical mechanisms to mitigate these effects, including reviving constructive dialogue guided by sound scriptural and rational principles, reforming theological discourse to enhance acceptance of the other, and reinforcing taw\u1e25\u012bd as a unifying foundation rather than a source of division.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In conclusion, the study affirms that managing doctrinal differences through a balanced scholarly approach is essential for preserving the unity of the Muslim ummah and cultivating a shared awareness aligned with the higher objectives of the Shar\u012b\u02bfah and the values of coexistence taught by Islam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords: doctrinal disagreement, Islamic sects, kal<\/strong><strong>\u0101<\/strong><strong>m theology, constructive dialogue, unity of the ummah.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062f.\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Dr. Sihem kadr<\/strong><strong>i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1ONFaFVIM3DadYC8FJtIGF0Rz7fW-sZIG\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4771\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635&nbsp; \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[154],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-154"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4771"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4772,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771\/revisions\/4772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}