{"id":4888,"date":"2026-01-31T10:30:05","date_gmt":"2026-01-31T10:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=4888"},"modified":"2026-01-31T10:30:06","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T10:30:06","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%88%d9%89-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=4888","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern warfare has witnessed a profound transformation in its nature, structure, and operational methods. Traditional inter-state wars, characterized by direct confrontations between regular armies, have progressively declined, giving way to non-conventional forms of conflict\u2014chief among them, proxy wars. This transformation is largely driven by the substantial human and financial costs of conventional warfare, as well as the growing legal and political constraints on states\u2019 direct military engagement. As a result, numerous international and regional powers have increasingly resorted to indirect mechanisms to advance their strategic objectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within this evolving landscape, proxy warfare has emerged as a strategic tool for managing conflicts while minimizing the risks and costs of direct intervention. It enables regional and global actors to shape the trajectory of internal conflicts through local intermediaries\u2014such as militias. Moreover, proxy wars have become instrumental in reshaping regional and international power dynamics, as local conflicts transform into arenas of intersecting interests and competition among rival actors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iran provides a salient example of the strategic use of proxy warfare to recalibrate regional power balances. Since the 1980s, Tehran has pursued a systematic policy of cultivating ideologically aligned and militarily capable proxies across the Middle East to extend its strategic depth and project influence beyond its borders. This approach reached its most explicit manifestation during the Syrian conflict that erupted in 2011, where Iran viewed the preservation of the Assad regime as both vital and advantageous to its regional strategy. Accordingly, Tehran furnished political, economic, and military assistance through its proxy network\u2014most notably Hezbollah, along with Iraqi, Afghan, and Pakistani Shiite militias. The Syrian arena thus became a central theater for Iran\u2019s proxy operations, serving as a platform to consolidate its regional influence and sustain its strategic presence through indirect means.<strong>Keywords:<\/strong><strong>Proxy War; Iranian Project; Balance of Power; Militias<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mustafa Al-Ali<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Dr. Abd alQder Nanaa<\/strong><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1CDm3L8rMN9-I9dnWiHzv7eUt2bH4ERIk\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"4888\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category----2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4888"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4888\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4889,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4888\/revisions\/4889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4888"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}