{"id":5005,"date":"2026-04-30T08:42:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-30T08:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu-university.net\/?p=5005"},"modified":"2026-04-30T08:42:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-30T08:42:30","slug":"the-impact-of-identity-on-syrian-state-cohesion-1920-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5005","title":{"rendered":"The Impact of Identity on Syrian State Cohesion 1920 \u2013 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1920 &#8211; 2020&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1920\u20132020)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 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\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study examines the issue of identity and its impact on the cohesion and state-building process in Syria during the period (1920\u20132020). It analyzes the relationship between identity dimensions and state structure, based on the hypothesis that the identity crisis constitutes a major factor in weakening state cohesion and hindering the process of state-building. The study adopts a multi-methodological approach, including the historical method to trace the development of identity dynamics, the descriptive method to analyze the nature of social diversity, and structural analysis to understand the interaction between political and social structures. The research is further grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Ethnopolitical Realism and systems theory.&nbsp; The study finds that the emergence of the Syrian state under the French Mandate contributed to the institutionalization of early identity divisions due to administrative and social fragmentation policies. Following independence, political elites failed to establish an inclusive national project due to political instability and repeated coups, which hindered the consolidation of strong institutions. Moreover, the later adoption of Arab nationalist identity contributed to the marginalization of certain components, reinforcing feelings of exclusion and weakening national belonging.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The findings also indicate that the political system played a role in reproducing identity divisions through political instrumentalization rather than managing them within a national framework based on citizenship. This crisis intensified after 2011, as political transformations and violence perpetrated by the regime contributed to the fragmentation of national identity and the rise of sub-identities amid external interventions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study concludes that identity diversity itself is not the core problem; rather, the challenge lies in the absence of effective management and the weakness of state institutions. Accordingly, the thesis recommends rebuilding the state on the foundations of citizenship and pluralism, formulating a new social contract, and adopting mechanisms such as political pluralism and transitional justice. It argues that Syria\u2019s future depends on its ability to construct an inclusive national identity that enhances stability and state cohesion.&nbsp;<strong>Keywords:<\/strong><strong>National identity; State cohesion; State-building; Syria; French mandate; Identity fragmentation; Citizenship; Social pluralism; Social contract; Transitional justice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tarek Al-Sheikh Abbas\u00b9, Kamal Asaad Abdo\u00b2*<br>\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00b9 Student, Faculty of Political Science, Sham International University, Syria<br>\u00b2 Professor, Faculty of Political Science, Sham International University; Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Idlib, Syria<\/em><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Z84uTcF38EFXSNS4AS9T3HujjiTevJL5\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"5005\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1920 &#8211; 2020&nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1920\u20132020)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[162],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-162"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5005"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5006,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5005\/revisions\/5006"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5005"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5005"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}