{"id":5112,"date":"2026-07-02T06:27:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T06:27:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5112"},"modified":"2026-07-02T06:27:58","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T06:27:58","slug":"the-problematic-of-the-validity-of-unilateral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5112","title":{"rendered":"The Problematic of the Validity of Unilateral"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to the increasingly significant role that unilateral acts play in international relations and the legal obligations arising therefrom, which affect the rights and positions of States, there has emerged an urgent need to study these acts by legal scholars and researchers. This aims at establishing a legal framework governing such acts, similar to what is established for conventional acts such as treaties. However, these acts have not yet received sufficient attention at the international level, as specialized studies and literature on this subject remain limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A unilateral international act is defined as every explicit or implicit expression of the sole will of an international legal person, intended to produce specific legal effects. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study concludes that unilateral international acts emanating from the sole will of a State are among the most significant acts at the international level, necessitating in-depth study in order to develop a legal framework governing them, especially given their increasing use among States. These acts produce their legal effects without the need for another will to concur. They are also considered a source of international obligations. Although States are not absolutely free when issuing unilateral acts, their freedom is restricted by the need to respect the rules of public international law and to refrain from breaching the obligations arising from such acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Unilateral Acts of States, Sole Will, Sources of International Obligations, Public International Law, International Law Commission (ILC), Unilateral Legal Acts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1APf0AABqaZOmgBCXc-8KJbDeb4TnyZEN\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"5112\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract Due to the increasingly significant role that unilateral acts play in international relations and the legal obligations arising therefrom, which affect the rights and positions of States, there has emerged an urgent need to study these acts by legal scholars and researchers. This aims at establishing a legal framework governing such acts, similar to &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-47-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5112"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5113,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5112\/revisions\/5113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}