{"id":5160,"date":"2026-08-01T01:40:16","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T01:40:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5160"},"modified":"2026-08-01T01:41:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T01:41:31","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5160","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639&#8221; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agriculture remains a cornerstone of food security and rural economic development, and the sustainability of its growth depends heavily on the quality of the institutional system governing its resources and shaping its policies. This relationship is particularly critical in conflict-affected settings, where formal institutions weaken and authority over resource management becomes fragmented across multiple actors, making it both a scientific and policy imperative to understand how agricultural governance operates at the level of smallholder farming practice. This study aimed to measure the relative effect of five dimensions of agricultural governance, transparency, accountability, participation, equity, and institutional efficiency, on agricultural development among smallholder farmers in northwest Syria. A quantitative descriptive-analytical design was adopted, whereby a questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of 402 smallholder farmers across the Idlib and Aleppo countryside, and the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression to test the combined effect of the dimensions and the relative weight of each. The results revealed a statistically significant positive effect of agricultural governance dimensions, collectively, on agricultural development, with the model explaining 54.9% of the observed variance (R\u00b2 = 0.549). The dimensions were ranked by standardized regression coefficients as follows: participation (\u03b2 = 0.298), transparency (\u03b2 = 0.274), institutional efficiency (\u03b2 = 0.231), equity (\u03b2 = 0.212), and accountability (\u03b2 = 0.181), all statistically significant. These findings reinforce the importance of integrating agricultural governance principles, particularly participation and transparency, into policies and programs aimed at strengthening agricultural development in conflict-affected settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords: Agricultural Governance; Agricultural Development; Smallholder Farmers; Participation; Northwest Syria; Post-Conflict Settings.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0638\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 402 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064f\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c 54.9% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (R\u00b2 = 0.549). \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u03b2 = 0.298)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u03b2 = 0.274)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u03b2 = 0.231)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u03b2 = 0.212)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 (\u03b2 = 0.181)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639.<\/strong><br><br><em>Ahmad Jalal Alahmad\u00b9, Salim Al-Nabulsi\u00b2<\/em><em>*<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00b9 Master&#8217;s Student, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Zaytoonah International University, Syria.<br>\u00b2 Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Zaytoonah International University, Syria.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Corresponding Author: <\/em><\/strong><em>Ahmad Jalal AlAhmad<\/em><em> <\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>,E-mail: <\/em><a href=\"mailto:Ahmad.ahmad.18@outlook.com\"><em>Ahmad.ahmad.18@outlook.com<\/em><\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1pz_dEKEIhIxyhg20TrR1kVnrBZCS1egq\/view\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"5160\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract Agriculture remains a cornerstone of food security and rural economic development, and the sustainability of its growth depends heavily on the quality of the institutional system governing its resources and shaping its policies. This relationship is particularly critical in conflict-affected settings, where formal institutions weaken and authority over resource management becomes fragmented across multiple &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[166],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-166"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5160"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5161,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5160\/revisions\/5161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}