{"id":5347,"date":"2026-10-01T16:53:36","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T16:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5347"},"modified":"2026-10-01T16:53:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T16:53:38","slug":"temperature-changes-in-the-republic-of-chad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/?p=5347","title":{"rendered":"Temperature Changes in the Republic of Chad"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&#8221; A Case Study of the Gu\u00e9ra Region from 1990 to 2026 AD&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&#8221; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1990-2026\u0645&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study examines temperature changes in the Republic of Chad, with a case study of the Guerra Region over the period 1990\u20132026. The region is among the most important areas in Chad that have experienced marked temperature variations, as evidenced by recorded temperature data: in 1998, the highest temperature recorded in Mango, the regional capital, was 38\u00b0C, while the average temperature for that year reached 41\u00b0C and the lowest recorded was 25\u00b0C. By 2020, the annual average temperature had risen to 42\u00b0C. This indicates a steady rise in temperature levels. The average annual precipitation is approximately 80.3 mm, and the overall temperature trend is upward at a total rate of 1.5\u00b0C, accompanied by general rainfall variability and increased evaporation rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study aims to identify and analyse temperature changes across the region from 1990 to 2026. Its significance lies in its investigation of one of the most critical climatic elements \u2014 temperature \u2014 to reveal the extent of changes occurring in the region and their impacts on plant and animal life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study employs multiple research methodologies: the descriptive-analytical approach, the historical approach, the regional approach, and the statistical approach. Data and information were gathered from climate-related records, particularly readings from various monitoring stations located across the region\u2019s cities and officially documented datasets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study concludes that there are significant temperature variations in the Guerra Region, demonstrating a sustained rise in temperatures across Chad as a whole, and particularly within the study area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key words: temperature change, trends, rainfall variability, data, Guerra Region, Republic of Chad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646)1990-2026\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u06451998\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649(38) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1998\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637(41) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a (25) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649(42) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (80.3) \u0645\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a (1.5) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c&nbsp; \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990-2026\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Sulaiman Ibrahim Abkar<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&nbsp;Faculty member at the University of N&#8217;Djamena \u2013 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences \u2013 Department of Geography in Arabic, former Head of Department \u2013 and currently responsible for the Master&#8217;s section.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>E.mail:<\/em> <em><\/em><a href=\"mailto:Ibrahimsouleman78@gmail.com\"><em>Ibrahimsouleman78@gmail.com<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"review_wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"review-box\" class=\"review-box review-bottom review-stars\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-summary\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-final-score\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span title=\"\" class=\"post-large-rate stars-large\"><span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"review-short-summary\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1UXmgQsZsc9Dh0w0mLSk9_Cxrq4nOQ6tH\/view?usp=drive_link\" class=\"taq-button taq-medium taq-square taq-flat\" style=\"background-color:#a0ce4e\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i><span class=\"button-text\">Download<\/span><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"user-rate-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rating-text\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"taq-score\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<small>\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 !<\/small>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div data-rate=\"0\" data-id=\"5347\" class=\"user-rate taq-user-rate-active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"user-rate-image post-large-rate stars-large\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"width:0%\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"taq-clear\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8221; A Case Study of the Gu\u00e9ra Region from 1990 to 2026 AD&#8221; \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f &#8221; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1990-2026\u0645&#8221; Abstract This study examines temperature changes in the Republic of Chad, with a case study of the Guerra Region over the period 1990\u20132026. The region is among the &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5347","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-157"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5347","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5347"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5347\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5348,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5347\/revisions\/5348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5347"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5347"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ziu.edu.sy\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}