” A Case Study of the Guéra Region from 1990 to 2026 AD” تغيرات درجات الحرارة بجمهورية تشاد ” دراسة حالة إقليم قيرا في الفترة من 1990-2026م” Abstract This study examines temperature changes in the Republic of Chad, with a case study of the Guerra Region over the period 1990–2026. …

Abstract This study examines the transformations of the Palestinian national project following the events of 7 October 2023 through an interdisciplinary framework integrating political sociology, political philosophy, and settler colonial studies. It argues that the current Palestinian crisis should not be understood as a collapse of national identity, but rather …

Abstract:The study examines al-Ṣafadī’s view on the Arabic letters and the disjoined letters (al-ḥurūf al-muqaṭṭaʿa) in the Qur’an, comparing them with the views of other scholars. Al-Ṣafadī begins by establishing the foundations of the Arabic letters, affirming that their arrangement has two aspects: an abjad (alphabetic) order derived from divine …

Abstract This review presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of classical and modern approaches to algebraic functions over finite fields. We trace the historical evolution from Dedekind and Weber through Hasse, Weil, and Chevalley to Christol and Kedlaya, examining how each period contributed foundational insights. The classical framework, rooted in algebraic …

Abstract: This study aimed to measure the level of banking service quality at Syrian Real Estate Bank from the employees’ perspective and to identify differences in evaluating service quality according to demographic variables. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability for analyzing the dimensions of banking …

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the reality of digital transformation implementation in the Financial Directorates of Aleppo and Hama governorates, assess the level of financial decision-making quality, and examine differences in respondents’ perceptions according to demographic variables (gender, years of experience, and job title). The study adopted the descriptive …

Abstract Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important fruit crop in arid regions, yet information on the elemental composition of locally produced dates in central Libya remains limited. This exploratory study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in three date palm cultivar …

Abstract: The importance of social media and communication tools in Chad’s economic development. They help empower businesses to take advantage of global markets, improve their operations, and boost overall efficiency. E-commerce platforms allow Chadian companies to reach a wider customer base and participate in international trade, which can lead to …

Abstract This study aimed to examine British policies toward tribal entities and instruments of governance in Darfur, following their activation and utilization to ensure the allegiance of tribal administrations and to mobilize heritage in their service. The study adopted historical, descriptive, and analytical methodologies. The findings indicate that the British …

Abstract Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of both debt policy (DEBT) and dividend payout policy (DIV) in mitigating agency conflicts between management and shareholders, by measuring agency costs through two operational indicators: the asset utilization ratio (AC1) and the ratio of operating expenses to sales (AC2). Design/Methodology: The study …